PARTS OF SPEECH - NOUNS (EVERYTHING ABOUT NOUNS)

Nouns are names of people, places, things, animals, or ideas.

names of people	names of places	names of things	names of animals	names of ideas
John	Korea	Chair	monkey	love
Pablo	Manila	Pen	snake	peace
John Erwin	park	Shoes	rabbit	kindness
Pope Francis	Europe	Car	horse	knowledge
Antartica	beach	water	lion	happiness

 

Types of nouns

Proper Nouns and Common Nouns

A common nouns are names of a whole group of persons, places, or things. It is a name that is common to the group.

A proper nouns are names of a particular person, place, or thing. It is capitalized.

Examples:

 

Common Nouns	Proper Nouns
Magazine	YES magazine
mountain	Mount Everest
game	Basketball
city	Pasig
president	Pres. Rodrigo Duterte
senator	Senator Manny Pacquiao

 

 

 

Abstract and concrete Nouns

Abstract nouns are nouns which cannot be seen or touched, and things which have no physical reality like ideas, qualities, and conditions.

Concrete nouns are nouns that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted.

Examples:

 

Abstract Nouns	Concrete Nouns
Humor	computer
peace	phones
wisdom	book
loneliness	mug
Time	pot
relationship	water

 

Collective nouns

Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups of people or things.

Examples:

audience

government

family

crowd

team

jury

 

Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns (mass nouns)

Countable Nouns or count nouns are those that refer to something that can be counted.

Uncountable Nouns or mass nouns do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.

Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
house	water
spoon	air
bookshelf	sand
piano	rice
vegetable	sugar
dog	vinegar

 

 

USAGE OF NOUNS

1.   It is used as SUBJECTS

       The Subject of a sentence tells who or what is being talked about. Nouns are frequently used as subjects.

Examples:

Koreans love to visit the Philippines. (The noun Koreans is the subject of this sentence)

Scientists discover or invent things. (The noun Scientists is the subject of this sentence)

The bus and the truck collided in the intersection. (The nouns bus and truck are the subject of the verb collided.)

 

2.   It is used as DIRECT OBJECTS

A direct object completes the action of a verb. It answers whom or what about the verb. Nouns are frequently used as direct objects.

 

Examples:

 

The magician fooled the audience. (The noun audience tells whom about the verb fooled.)

 

In the shop class the students wear goggles. (The noun goggles tells what about the verb wear.)

 

Roger shaped mugs and a pitcher out of clay. (Both the nouns mugs and pitcher are direct objects. They tell what about the verb shaped.)

 

3.   It is used as INDIRECT OBJECTS

The indirect object tells to whom or for whom or to what or for what about the verb.

 

Examples:

The coach showed the quarterback a new play. (The noun quarterback is the indirect object. It tells to whom about the verb showed.)

Sarah gave the bookcase and the shelves another coat of varnish. (The nouns bookcase and shelves are the compound indirect object, telling to what about the verb gave.)

 

NOTE:

An indirect object is used only with a direct object. The indirect object appears before the direct object in the sentence.

Subject	Verb	Indirect Object(s)	Direct Objects
Gail	showed	the driver	the route.
Leslie	fed	The dog	its food.
Dairy Queen	offered	Jim and Alice	jobs.

 

4.   It is used as PREDICATE NOMINATIVES

Sometimes a noun in the predicate part of a sentence is linked to the subject. That noun is called a predicate noun. It always follows a linking verb. It means the same thing as the subject.

 

Example:

Carlos was a carpenter's assistant.

The counselors were former teachers.

Two early autos were the Model T and the Model A.

 

The nouns assistant, teachers, Model T, and Model A are predicate nouns.

 

5.   It is used as APPOSITIVE

 

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. It can be short or long combination of words.

 

Examples:

 

The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. (the noun cockroach renames the subject, insect).

 

The president, Rodrigo Duterte, is conducting military inspection these days. (the noun Rodrigo Duterte renames the subject, president).

 

 

 

Rules on Pluralization of Nouns

 

1.   To make REGULAR nouns plural, add –s to the end.

 

Examples:

 

          table – tables

          shoe – shoes

          store – stores

          bottle – bottles

          pan    - pans

 

2.   If the singular noun ends in –s, -ss, -ch, -x, or –z, add es to the end to make it plural.

 

Examples:

 

                   bus- buses

glass  - glasses

                   church – churches

                   box – boxes

                   blitz - blitzes

 

3.   In some cases, singular nouns ending in –s or –z, require that you double the –s or –z prior to adding the es for pluralization.

 

Examples:

 

          fez – fezzes

          gas – gasses

 

4.   If the noun ends with –f or –fe, the -f is often changed to –ve before adding the –s to form the plural version.

 

Examples:

    

              Wife – wives

              Wolf – wolves

 

Exceptions:

 

          roof – roofs

          belief – beliefs

          chef – chefs

          chief – chiefs

 

5.   If a singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a consonant, change the ending to –ies to make the noun plural.

 

Examples:

 

          city – cities

puppy – puppies

baby – babies

 

6.   If a singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a vowel, change the ending to –ies to make the noun plural.

Examples:

 

          ray – rays

          toy – toys

          boy - boys

7.   If the singular noun ends in –o,  add –es to make it plural.

 

Examples:

 

          potato – potatoes

          tomato – tomatoes

 

Exceptions:

 

          photo – photos

          piano – pianos

          halo - halos

8.   If the singular noun ends in –us, the plural ending is –i.

 

Examples:

 

          cactus - cacti

          locus – loci

focus - foci

 

9.   If the singular noun ends in –is, the plural ending is –es.

 

Examples:

 

          Analysis – analyses

Crisis – crises

Hypothesis – hypotheses

 

10.                If the singular noun ends in –on, the plural ending is –a.

 

Examples:

 

          Phenomenon – phenomena

          Criterion – criteria

 

11.                Some nouns don’t change at all when they are pluralized.

 

Examples:

 

          sheep – sheep

          series – series

          species – species

          deer – deer

 

12.                Pluralizing irregular nouns has no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these of look up the proper pluralization in the dictionary.

 

Examples:

 

          child – children

          goose – geese

          tooth – teeth

          foot – feet

          man – men

          woman – women

          mouse – mice

louse - lice

 

Good luck!

Prepared by:

-TEACHER CEPPEE